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It is the official language of the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and in Barak Valley of Assam. The 3rd article of the Constitution of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the sole official language of Bangladesh. Bengali is also spoken in the neighbouring states of Odisha, Bihar, and Jharkhand, and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including Delhi, Mumbai, Thane, Varanasi, and Vrindavan.
Bengali Alphabets – Complete Guide to Bengali Script
According to Suniti Kumar Chatterji, dictionaries from the early 20th century attributed a little more than 50% of the Bengali vocabulary to native words (i.e., naturally modified Sanskrit words, corrupted forms of Sanskrit words, and loanwords non-Indo-European languages). Other related languages in the nearby region also make use of the Bengali script like the Meitei language in the Indian state of Manipur, where the Meitei language has been written in the Bengali script for centuries, though the Meitei script has been promoted in recent times. For example, the combination of the consonants ক্ k and ষ ʂ is graphically realised as ক্ষ and is pronounced kkʰo (as in রুক্ষ rukkʰo “coarse”), kʰɔ (as in ক্ষমতা kʰɔmota “capability”) or even kʰo (as in ক্ষতি kʰoti “harm”), depending on the position of the cluster in a word. The inherent vowel attached to every consonant can be either ɔ or o depending on vowel harmony (স্বরসঙ্গতি) with the preceding or following vowel or on the context, but this phonological information is not captured by the script, creating ambiguity for the reader. In general, the Bengali-Assamese script is fairly transparent for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, i.e., it is easier to predict the pronunciation from spelling of the words, though there are many cases where pronunciation is different from what is written. It is a cursive script with eleven graphemes or signs denoting nine vowels and two diphthongs, and thirty-nine graphemes representing consonants and other modifiers.
- In general, the script is fairly transparent for “tadbhav” words (native Bengali words).
- In fact, Bengali-Assamese script has the deepest orthography (deep orthography) among the Indian scripts.
- It is also the second official language of the Indian state of Jharkhand since September 2011.
- Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in Tripura, southern Assam and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
- Include the Bengali script, pronunciation, and meaning.
- The 3rd article of the Constitution of Bangladesh states Bengali to be the sole official language of Bangladesh.
The Bengali consonant clusters (যুক্তব্যঞ্জন juktôbênjôn) are usually realised as ligatures, where the consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing hôsôntô, three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however.
Bengali Consonants (ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ – Benjonborno) – 39 Essential Letters
Bengali has minimal gender distinctions compared to other Indo-Aryan languages. Bengali vowels are the building blocks of pronunciation. Our interactive guide helps you master each letter with proper pronunciation. The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three types of contact.
Thus, same letters and graphemes can often have different pronunciations depending on their position in a word and different graphemes and letters often have the same pronunciation. Some consonant clusters have completely different pronunciation as compared to the constituent consonants. In most of the consonant clusters, only the first consonant is pronounced and rest of the consonants are silent. Furthermore, the inherent vowel is often not pronounced at the end of a syllable, as https://banglabet-bet.com/login in কম kɔm “less”, but this omission is not generally reflected in the script, making it difficult for the new reader. But the script is fairly opaque for phoneme-to-grapheme conversion, i.e., it is often quite difficult to predict the spelling from the pronunciation of the words.
Since the Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments, but carry an “inherent” vowel and thus are syllabic in nature. Native Bengali words do not allow initial consonant clusters; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e., one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the Midnapore dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages.
After the Partition of India in the 20th century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in East Pakistan; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language movement. Throughout history, there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in different scripts, though these employments were never popular on a large scale and were communally limited. For example, the letter ত tô and the numeral ৩ “3” are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the matra, as is the case between the consonant cluster ত্র trô and the independent vowel এ e, also the letter হ hô and Bengali Ôbogroho ঽ (~ô) and letter ও o and consonant cluster ত্ত ttô. Unlike in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) where the letter forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called মাত্রা matra. Like other Indic scripts, the Bengali script has Schwa deletion and does not always mark when the inherent vowel is deleted — typically at the end of words.
The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language over the course of time. Magadhi Prakrit was also spoken in modern-day Bihar and Assam, and this vernacular eventually evolved into Ardha Magadhi. In 1999, UNESCO recognised 21 February as International Mother Language Day in recognition of the language movement. The Bengali language movement from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an official language of Pakistan fostered Bengali nationalism in East Bengal leading to the emergence of Bangladesh in 1971.
The potential influence of Tibeto-Burman languages on the phonology of Eastern Bengali is used to explain the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the “cerebral” consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of western Bengal). The Bengali-Assamese script is an abugida, a script with letters for consonants, with diacritics for vowels, and in which an inherent vowel (অ ô) is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked. These 39 consonants combine with vowels to create all Bengali words.